The eyes are controlled by multiple brain circuits, some phylogenetically o
ld and some new, whose aims may conflict. Old otolith reflexes counterroll
the eyes when the head tilts relative to gravity. Newer vergence mechanisms
coordinate the eyes to aid stereoptic vision. We show that counterroll hin
ders stereopsis, weakly when you look into the distance but strongly when y
ou look near. The resolution of this conflict is that counterroll virtually
vanishes when monkeys look close, i.e., stereopsis overrides gravity-drive
n reflexes but only on near gaze. This balance between gyroscopic and stere
optic mechanisms explains many other puzzling features of primate gaze cont
rol, such as the weakness of our otolith-ocular reflexes even during far vi
ewing and the strange geometry of the primate counterpitch reflex, which ro
lls the eyes clockwise when monkeys look leftward while their heads are tip
ped nose up, but rolls them counterclockwise when the monkeys look rightwar
d, and reverses this pattern when the head is tipped nose down.