The topography of tactile learning in humans

The spatial distribution of learned information within a sensory system can shed light on the brain mechanisms of sensory-perceptual learning. It has been argued that tactile memories are stored within a somatotopic framework in monkeys and rats but within a widely distributed network in humans. We have performed experiments to reexamine the spread of tactile learning acro ss the fingertips. In all experiments, subjects were trained to use one fin gertip to discriminate between two stimuli. Experiment 1 required identific ation of vibration frequency, experiment 2 punctate pressure, and experimen t 3 surface roughness. After learning to identify the stimuli reliably, sub jects were tested with the trained fingertip, its first and second neighbor s on the same hand, and the three corresponding fingertips on the opposite hand. As expected, for all stimulus types, subjects showed retention of lea rning with the trained fingertip. However, the transfer beyond the trained fingertip varied according to the stimulus type. For vibration, learning di d not transfer to other fingertips. For both pressure and roughness stimuli , there was limited transfer, dictated by topographic distance; subjects pe rformed well with the first neighbor of the trained finger and with the fin ger symmetrically opposite the trained one. These results indicate that tac tile learning is organized within a somatotopic framework, reconciling the findings in humans with those in other species. The differential distributi on of tactile memory according to stimulus type suggests that the informati on is stored in stimulus-specific somatosensory cortical fields, each chara cterized by a unique receptive field organization, feature selectivity, and callosal connectivity.