Requirement for metals of electric vehicle batteries

The purpose of this paper is to review the requirement for potentially scar ce or hazardous metals used in a wide range of electric vehicle batteries, in order to provide datasets that could be used as a basis for a variety of assessments of electric vehicles and batteries, such as lifecycle assessme nts (LCA) and material availability assessments. It is an explicit objectiv e to make the calculations and assumptions transparent so that the datasets can easily be recalculated with different assumptions. We investigate the requirement for metals of nine types of batteries: Li-metal(V), Li-ion(Mn, Ni and Co), NaNiCl, NiMH(AB(2) and AB(5)), NiCd and PbA, which contain seve n potentially scarce or hazardous metals/group of metals: lithium, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, cadmium, lead and mischmetal (rare-earth elements). We pr ovide datasets for both near-term and improved technology of the requiremen t for metals per kWh battery as well as per battery electric vehicle. (C) 2 001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.