Neural substrates of mathematical reasoning: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of neocortical activation during performance of the Necessary Arithmetic Operations Test

Brain activation was examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging d uring mathematical problem solving in 7 young healthy participants. Problem s were selected from the Necessary Arithmetic Operations Test (NAOT: R. B. Ekstrom, J. W. French, H. H. Harman, & D. Dermen, 1976). Participants solve d 3 types of problems: 2-operation problems requiring mathematical reasonin g and text processing, I-operation problems requiring text processing but m inimal mathematical reasoning, and 0-operation problems requiring minimal t ext processing and controlling sensorimotor demands of the NAOT problems. T wo-operation problems yielded major activations in bilateral frontal region s similar to those found in other problem-solving tasks, indicating that th e processes mediated by these regions subserve many forms of reasoning. Fin dings suggest a dissociation in mathematical problem solving between reason ing, mediated by frontal cortex, and text processing, mediated by temporal cortex.