Tissue engineering of peripheral nerves: A comparison of venous and acellular muscle grafts with cultured Schwann cells

Bioengineering is considered to be the laboratory-based alternative to huma n autografts and allografts. It ought to provide "custom-made organs" cultu red from patient's material. Venous grafts and acellular muscle grafts supp ort axonal regeneration only to a certain extent because of the lack of via ble Schwann cells in the graft. We created a biologic nerve graft in the ra t sciatic nerve model by implanting cultured Schwann cells into veins and a cellular gracilis muscles, respectively. Autologous nerve grafts and veins and acellular muscle grafts without Schwann cells served as controls. After 6 and 12 weeks, regeneration was assessed clinically, histologically, and morphometrically. The polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the im planted Schwann cells remained within all the grafts. The best regeneration was seen in the control; after 12 weeks the number of axons was increased significantly compared with the other grafts. A good regeneration was noted in the muscle-Schwann cell group, whereas regeneration in both of the veno us grafts and the muscle grafts without Schwann cells was impaired. The mus cle-Schwann cell graft showed a systematic and organized regeneration inclu ding a proper orientation of regenerated fibers. The venous grafts with Sch wann cells showed less fibrous tissue and disorganization than the veins wi thout Schwann cells, but failed to show an excellent regeneration. This mig ht be attributed to the lack of endoneural-tube-like components serving as scaffold for the sprouting axon. Although the conventional nerve graft rema ins the gold standard, the implantation of Schwann cells into an acellular muscle provides a biologic graft with basal lamina tubes as pathways for re generating axons and the positive effects of Schwann cells producing neurot rophic and neurotropic factors, and thus, supporting axonal regeneration.