Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta : Neoptera) based on forewing base structure, with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)

Phylogenetic relationships among three paraneopteran clades (Psocodea, Hemi ptera and Thysanoptera) were analysed based on the morphology of forewing b ase structure, Monophyly of Paraneoptera was supported by nine autapomorphi es, monophyly of Condylognatha (= Thysanoptera + Hemiptera) by two autapomo rphies, monophyly of Thysanoptera by five autapomorphies and monophyly of H emiptera by one autapomorphy. Thus, (Psocodea + (Thysanoptera + Hemiptera)) were proposed to be the phylogenetic relationships within Paraneoptera. A homoplastic similarity of the third axillary sclerite was observed between Thysanoptera and Heteroptera, and a possible evolutionary factor providing this homoplasy was discussed. The present analysis also suggested a monophy letic Auchenorrhyncha, and reduction of the proximal median plate was consi dered as an autapomorphy of this dade.