Imaging tip formation in single-mode optical fibres

The formation of probe tips is a crucial step in all forms of scanning prob e microscopy (SPM). In this work single-mode optical fibres are chemically etched in a variable temperature bath of etchant solution (HF acid buffered with ammonium fluoride) to produce tips for optical SPM. Tip evolution is monitored by prematurely truncating the etching process and imagine the tip end-structure using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the case of a visibl e regime single-mode fibre the AFM images show a remarkable ring structure in the central cladding region and a tip structure in the core with a centr al depression; this serves to demonstrate the efficacy of chemical etching for converting compositional variation to three-dimensional topography. In the case of a standard, single-mode optical communications fibre the (proje cted) tip cone angle is assessed from AFM images in the early stages of tip formation. Values of the cone angle thus determined, for different etch co nditions, are compared to those predicted by a model in which the independe ntly determined core and cladding etch rates, and core diameter are the sol e determinants of the final tip geometry. The model was devised in the cont ext of etching multi-mode fibres and is shown to be valid here for single-m ode fibres within the range of experimental accuracy and etch conditions ex amined. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.