Fat embolism

Fat embolism syndrome is a collection of respiratory, haematological, neuro logical and cutaneous symptoms and signs associated with trauma and other d isparate surgical and medical conditions. The incidence of the clinical syn drome is low (< 1% in retrospective reviews) whilst the embolisation of mar row fat appears to be an almost inevitable consequence of long bone fractur es. There is debate over the pathogenesis of fat embolism syndrome and it s eems a variety of factors interact to produce a spectrum of end organ damag e. Many therapeutic interventions and prophylactic strategies have been tri ed with varying success. Current treatments are supportive and the conditio n is usually associated with a good outcome. The literature on fat embolism syndrome is extensive and this review aims to discuss the incidence, aetio logy, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of fat embolism.