O. Langvall et al., Frost damage to planted Norway spruce seedlings - influence of site preparation and seedling type, FOREST ECOL, 141(3), 2001, pp. 223-235
Damage to Norway spruce (Plcea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings by summer frost
was monitored on 10 clear-cuttings of various ages to which slash removal
and foul types of site preparation had been applied. The clear-cuttings wer
e established on two sites (5 on each) in southern Sweden from 1989 through
1993 and planted each year from the pear of cutting until 1993. In total,
7680 seedlings were analysed for frost injuries during the first three year
s following planting. The site preparation methods evaluated were: applicat
ion of herbicide to ground vegetation; mowing of ground vegetation; scarifi
cation (mounding); and control. Two seedling types, bare-rooted and contain
erised seedlings, were evaluated.
Periods of frost susceptibility were calculated using data on bud and shoot
development during 1997 together with weather data fur each of the studied
years and sites. The date of hushing was well correlated to the air temper
ature sum (+5 degreesC threshold value) in spring. Frost damage varied cons
iderably between sites and study years. The lowest measured minimum air tem
perature and the frost-day sum during the frost-susceptible: period were co
rrelated to the frequency of frost damage. Soil scarification reduced frost
damage in the first growing season. Bare-rooted seedlings had a considerab
ly lower frequency of frost injury compared with containerised ones, possib
ly because Rushing of the former was delayed. There was no statistically si
gnificant effect of herbicide application, mowing or slash removal on the f
requency of frost damage. Seedling growth was significantly reduced by fros
t injury, especially in cases where injuries were sustained during several
years. Survival was only slightly affected by frost damage. (C) 2001 Elsevi
er Science B.V. All rights reserved.