Depletion of intracellular zinc and copper with TPEN results in apoptosis of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells

PURPOSE. Although zinc deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of age -related macular degeneration, how it leads to retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE) degeneration is unknown. To investigate this, cultured human RPE cells were rendered zinc depicted with a membrane-permeant metal chelator, N,N,N ',N-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), and the resultant cyt opathic changes were examined. METHODS. RPE cell degeneration was examined with light microscopy, TdT-medi ated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Hoechst dye staining, and ele ctron microscopy and quantified with cell counting or lactate dehydrogenase release assay. The effect of sublethal zinc depletion on the vulnerability of RPE cells to UV irradiation or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure, was s tudied in cultures without or with pretreatment with lon-concentration TPEN . RESULTS. Exposure to 1 to 4 muM TPEN for 48 hours induced RPE cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Features of apoptosis such as membrane b lebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and caspase-3 activ ation, accompanied the TPEN-induced cell death. Addition of equimolar zinc or copper completely reversed TPEN-induced apoptosis, whereas addition of i ron had no effect. As in apoptosis of several other cell types including ne urons, a protein synthesis inhibitor as well as caspase inhibitors blocked TPEN-induced apoptosis. On the contrary, at sublethal concentrations, TPEN increased the vlunerability of RPE cells to subsequent UV irradiation but n ot to H2O2 exposure. CONCLUSIONS. The present results suggest that depletion of intracellular zi nc and copper, but not copper alone, may be harmful to RPE cells, directly inducing apoptosis or in directly increasing vulnerability of RPE cells to UV injury. The present culture model may be useful for gaining insights int o the mechanisms of zinc depletion-associated RPE cell degeneration.