Examination of the musculoskeletal system in recumbent cattle

The musculoskeletal system of recumbent cattle must be thoroughly evaluated before a final diagnosis or prognosis can be established. Collecting a det ailed history can provide key information. The limbs must be palpated, insp ected, and manipulated and the central and peripheral nervous systems asses sed. Evaluation of the position of the greater trochanter of the femur rela tive to the tuber coxae and tuber ischiadicum is useful to assess traumatic injuries to the pelvis, coxofemoral joint, and proximal femur. Rectal exam ination is essential for complete evaluation of the pelvic bones. Palpation of the Vertebrae in conjunction with assessment of spinal reflexes aids in detecting possible concurrent central or peripheral nervous system abnorma lities.