In this paper we provide new evidence on the hypothesis of German leadershi
p and asymmetric performance in the EMS, in the framework of causality test
s, using daily data, Given the evidence about non-linearity in financial se
ries, we propose applying non-linear forecasting methods based on the liter
ature on complex dynamic systems. Our analysis covers nine countries, and t
he sample period runs until 30 April 1998, so including the more recent eve
nts in the EMS history. A comparison of our results with those obtained fro
m standard linear econometric techniques leads us to conclude that inferenc
e on causality based on our non-linear predictors would be preferable to th
at based on the standard linear approach, (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. Al
l rights reserved.