A. Mamouni et al., Azepine and [1,3]oxazepine fused ring construction through a cationic cyclization: An N-acyliminium ion trapping of an oxygen atom or olefin, HETEROCYCLE, 54(1), 2001, pp. 275-282
Carbophilic addition on (and/or sodium borohydride reduction of) an imide e
ster functionality (3) proceeds with extremely high regioselectivety to pro
duce bifunctionalized hydroxy-omega -carbinol lactam products (4) and (8).
These species could act as N-acyliminium ion precursors and, via an O-catio
nic or pi -cationic cyclization, and they led regioselectively in high yiel
ds to fused triheterocyclic azepine (11) or [1,3]oxazepine (18).