A. Ellens et al., VIBRONIC TRANSITIONS OF TM3- A COMPARISON WITH PR3+, EU3+ AND GD3+( IN VARIOUS LATTICES ), Journal of luminescence, 72-4, 1997, pp. 183-184
Vibronic transition probabilities have been derived for Tm3+ in LiYF4,
YOCl and Na5La(WO4)(4). They have the same order of magnitude as thos
e for Pr3+ and are significantly larger than those of EU3 and Gd3+. Th
ese results are explained qualitatively by covalency, lanthanide contr
action and screening of the 4f electrons.