An annotated history of craniofacial surgery and intentional cranial deformation

The history of craniofacial surgery and the use of intentional cranial defo rmation is a long and varied one. Researching some of the earliest medical writings and reviews of early terracotta and stone figures from throughout the world clearly revealed that these two forms of treatment were widely ex tant. Intentional cranial deformation was used for a number of reasons incl uding beautification, tribal identification, and social stature. The develo pment of craniofacial surgery is a more modern practice and its historical evolution is reviewed in the context of techniques and the personalities in volved.