Does the empiric use of vancomycin in pediatrics increase the risk for Gram-negative bacteremia?

Background, Gram-negative bacteremia in children, a major cause of morbidit y and mortality, may in part be induced by intensive treatment procedures a nd nonspecific use of antibiotics. Our primary objective was to study the c ausal relationship between the use of vancomycin and Gram-negative bacterem ia, for which this antibiotic is not specifically indicated. Methods. The study was conducted in a 105-bed tertiary care children's hosp ital in the period of 1994 to 1997, The study pertains to a cohort of child ren with suspected bacteremia, in whom a blood culture was performed during hospital stay. Using the bacteriologic laboratory registration system, we selected all pediatric cases with bacteriologically proved Gram-negative ba cteremia (n = 105) and a random sample of 225 pediatric controls with negat ive blood cultures. Using logistic regression analysis we examined associat ions between Gram-negative bacteremia and the following factors: preceding use of antibiotics, antacids, corticosteroids, surgery, mechanical ventilat ion, parenteral nutrition, and invasive instrumentation; and the intensity of care assessed with the Therapeutic Intensity Scoring System (TISS 28), Results. Gram-negative bacteremia was positively associated with the use of aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, surgical interventions, central venous ca theters, parenteral nutrition, antacids and dexamethasone, The strongest as sociation was with the use of vancomycin (odds ratio, 8.1; 95% confidence i nterval, 3.1 to 20,9), In a multiple logistic regression model containing a ll above-mentioned variables, the use of vancomycin remained positively and strongly associated with Gram-negative bacteremia (odds ratio, 3.88; 95% c onfidence interval, 1.34 to 11,21), Further adjustments and restrictions in the analysis did not materially change these findings concerning vancomyci n. Conclusions. Among children suspected of bacteremia there are several drugs and clinical procedures influencing the risk for Gram-negative bacteremia. Empiric use of vancomycin is strongly and independently associated with Gr am-negative bacteremia, The safety of using vancomycin solely on the basis of suspicion of bacteremia in children may not be warranted.