Complex social structure, alliance stability and mating access in a bottlenose dolphin 'super-alliance'

Large brain size in mammals has been related to the number and complexity o f social relationships, particularly social alliances within groups. The la rgest within-group male alliance known outside of humans is found in a soci al network ( > 400) of Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Members of this dolphin 'super-alliance' c ooperate against other alliances over access to females. Males within the s uper-alliance form temporary trios and occasionally pairs in order to conso rt with individual females. The frequent switching of alliance partners sug gests that social relationships among males within the super-alliance might be relatively simple and based on an 'equivalence rule', thereby allowing dolphins to form large alliances without taxing their 'social intelligence' . The equivalence model predicts that the 14 males in the super-alliance sh ould not exhibit differences in alliance stability or partner preferences. However, data from 100 consortships do not support the equivalence hypothes is. the 10 males exhibited striking differences in alliance stability and p artner preferences suggesting that the super-alliance has a complex interna l structure. Further, within the super-alliance, alliance stability correla tes with consortship rate, suggesting that differentiated relationships wit hin the super-alliance are based on competition for access to females.