Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae

A molecular systematic study of Scrophulariaceae sensu late using DNA seque nces of three plastid genes (rbcL, ndhF, and rps2) revealed at least five d istinct monophyletic groups. Thirty-nine genera representing 24 tribes of t he Scrophulariaceae s.l. (sensu Into) were analyzed along with representati ves of 15 other families of Lamiales. The Scrophulariaceae s.s. (sensu stri cto) include part or all of tribes Aptosimeae. Hemimerideae. Leucophylleae. Manuleae, Selagineae, and Verbasceae (= Scrophularieae) and the convention al families Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae. Veronicaceae includes all or part of tribes Angelonieae. Antirrhineae. Cheloneae. Digitaleae, and Gratioleae and the conventional families Callitrichaceae. Globulariaceae, Hippuridace ae. and Plantaginaceae. The Orobanchaceae include tribes Buchnereae. Rhinan theae, and the conventional Orobanchaceae. All sampled members of Orobancha ceae are parasitic. except Lindenbergia, which is sister to the rest of the family. Family Calceolariaceae Olmstead is newly erected herein to recogni ze the phylogenetic distinctiveness of tribe Calceolarieae. The Calceolaria ceae are close to the base of the Lamiales. The Stilbaceae are expanded by the inclusion of Halleria. Mimulus does not belong in any of these five gro ups.