Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, their adaptation and utilization in modern technologies

Cold-adapted (psychrotolerant and psychrophilic) microorganisms are disting uished from mesophiles by their ability to grow at low temperatures. They a re widely distributed in nature and they have evolved a complex range of ad aptations enabling them to grow and survive in cold environment. Adaptation changes include both enzymes present in the microorganisms and lipids form ing cell membranes. Due to their unique properties, cold-active enzymes are used in several biotechnological applications (detergents, biotransformati ons, contact lens cleaning, hydrolysis of lactose in milk). Of the lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids serve as dietary supplements in food industry. Current knowledge of cold-adapted microorganisms indicates their high biote chnological potential for the future.