Effects of impurities on the toroidal ITG mode

Effects of impurities on drift type modes in collisionless tokamaks are inv estigated in terms of electromagnetic kinetic ballooning formulation. As Z (effective charge) increases, the mode frequency of the toroidal ion temper ature gradient (ITG) mode undergoes qualitative change from propagation in the ion diamagnetic drift to electron diamagnetic drift. However, the growt h rate remains intact if trapped electron dynamics is retained.