Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors and estrogen receptors interact in the promotion of neuronal survival and neuroprotection

Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogen has neuroprot ective properties. The neuroprotective effects of estrogen are probably exe rted through several mechanisms, it is established that estrogen can provid e neuroprotection by actions that are independent of estrogen receptor acti vation. In addition, in several experimental models, activation of estrogen receptors appears to be indispensable for neuroprotection. This review foc uses on neuroprotection mediated by estrogen receptors. The interaction of estrogen with growth factor receptor signaling to induce neuroprotection is discussed. Evidence is presented that estrogen receptors and insulin-like growth factor-I receptors interact in the promotion of neuronal survival an d neuroprotection.