Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lin
es is regulated by EBNA2. However, the factors regulating viral expression
in EBV-associated tumors that do not express EBNA2 are poorly understood. I
n EBV-associated tumors, EBNA1 and frequently LMP1 are synthesized. We foun
d that an alternative latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) promoter, L1-TR, loc
ated within the terminal repeats is active in both nasopharyngeal carcinoma
and Hodgkin's disease tissues. Examination of the L1-TR and the standard E
D-L1 LMP1 promoters in electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that
both promoters contain functional STAT binding sites. Further, both LMP1 pr
omoters responded in reporter assays to activation of JAK-STAT signaling. C
otransfection of JAK1 or v-Src or treatment of cells with the cytokine inte
rleukin-6 upregulated expression from ED-L1 and L1-TR reporter plasmids. Co
transfection of a dominant negative STAT3 beta revealed that STAT3 is likel
y to be the biologically relevant STAT for EBNA1 Qp and LMP1 L1-TR promoter
regulation. In contrast, LMP1 expression from ED-L1 was not abrogated by S
TAT3 beta, indicating that the two LMP1 promoters are regulated by differen
t STAT family members. Taken together with the previous demonstration of JA
K-STAT activation of Qp driven EBNA1 expression, this places two of the EBV
genes most commonly expressed in tumors under the control of the same sign
al transduction pathway. Immunohistochemical analyses of nasopharyngeal car
cinoma tumors revealed that STAT3, STAT5, and STAT1 are constitutively acti
vated in these tumors while STAT3 is constitutively activated in the malign
ant cells of Hodgkin's disease. We hypothesize that chronic or aberrant STA
T activation may be both a necessary and predisposing event for EBV-driven
tumorigenesis in immunocompetent individuals.