Neuropathology in vegetative and severely disabled patients after head injury

Objective: To discover if the neuropathology differs in head-injured patien ts who were in a vegetative state (VS) or were severely disabled at time of death. Methods: Review of 35 VS cases and 30 severely disabled cases treat ed in this institute in the acute stage, surviving at least a month; all br ains were fixed for 3 weeks before full neuropathologic examination. Result s: The severely disabled cases were older, had a higher incidence of skull fracture and of evacuated intracranial hematoma, and they had more cortical contusions. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) was less common in the severely di sabled cases, particularly its most severe grade. Structural damage in the thalamus was much less common in severely disabled cases. Half of the sever ely disabled patients had neither grade 2 or 3 DAI nor thalamic damage and 10 of these 15 cases did not have ischemic brain damage either. These combi nations did not occur in a single VS case. However, some severely disabled cases had similar lesions to VS cases, and this included some patients who were in a minimally conscious state as well as some who were out of bed and mobile. Conclusions: Half the severely disabled cases had only focal brain damage, a feature not found in any VS cases. In the severely disabled pati ents with lesions similar to those of VS cases it is likely that a greater quantitative amount of damage occurred in the VS cases.