Three-dimensional (3D) microelectromagnets were developed to control partic
le motion in electromagnetic-field landscapes in vacuum near a chip. Multip
le layers of micrometer-scale conductors separated by transparent insulator
s create particle containers with deep, symmetric, and time-dependent poten
tials, suitable for integration in quantum circuits. Single and coupled mul
tiple 3D traps, integrated 3D traps with a mirror, 3D guides for neutral pa
rticles with spin, and traps for electrons in vacuum are described.