New insights into the mechanistic details of the carbonic anhydrase cycle as derived from the model system [(NH3)(3)Zn(OH)](+)/CO2: How does the H2O/HCO(3)(-)replacement step occur?

The full reaction path for the conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrogencarb onate has been computed at the B3LYP/6-311 + G** level, employing a [(NH3)( 3)Zn(OH)](+) model catalyst to mimic the active center of the enzyme. We pa id special attention to the question of how the catalytic cycle might be cl osed by retrieval of the catalyst. The nucleophilic attack of the catalyst on CO2 has a barrier of 5.7 kcal mol(-1) with inclusion of thermodynamic co rrections and solvent effects and is probably the rate-determining step. Th is barrier corresponds well with prior experiments. The intermediate result is a Lindskog-type structure that prefers to stabilize itself via a rotati on-like transition state to give a Lipscomb-type product, which is a monode ntate hydrogencarbonate complex. By addition of a water molecule, a pentaco ordinated adduct with preudo-trigonal-bipyramidal geometry is formed. The w ater molecule occupies an equatorial position, whereas the hydrogencarbonat e ion is axial. In this complex, proton transfer from the Zn-bound water mo lecule to the hydrogencarbonate ion is extremely facile (barrier 0.8 kcal m ol(-1)), and yields the trans,trans-conformer of carbonic acid rather than hydrogencarbonate as the leaving group. The carbonic acid molecule is bound by a short O . . .H-O hydrogen bond to the catalyst [(NH3)(3)Zn(OH)](+), i n which the OH- group is already replaced by that of an entering water mole cule. After deprotonation of the carbonic acid through a proton relay to hi stidine 64, modeled here by ammonia hydrogencarbonate might undergo an ion pair return to the catalyst prior to its final dissociation from the comple x into the surrounding medium.