Optical studies by Soviet Cosmonauts. 1961-1981

This paper discusses the results of optical studies from the piloted space ships Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz and space stations Salyut, Salyut-3, -4, - 5, and -6. It shows how the programs of visual observations and instrumenta l studies of the atmosphere. the surface of the earth and the water area of the ocean, the stars, and the zodiacal light were gradually broadened and deepened. The most interesting research results for the first twenty years of piloted flights are presented. (C) 2001 The Optical Society of America.