De. Romain et al., Modeling cyanogen chloride kinetics in distribution systems: A semi-batch C center dot t protocol for natural waters, OZONE-SCI E, 23(1), 2001, pp. 15-33
Experiments were undertaken with the primary objective of developing kineti
c relationships for the formation of cyanogen chloride (CNC1), which could
then be integrated into a multi-constituent water quality model. The use of
ozone in combination with monochloramine has been reported in the literatu
re to enhance CNC1 formation. A procedure to determine C . t, a surrogate u
sed to estimate the level of microbial inactivation achieved, was also deve
loped using a semi-batch methodology. Water collected from the Mannheim Wat
er Treatment Plant (WTP) (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) at 7 degreesC and 20 d
egreesC was ozonated using a semi-batch procedure to achieve a desired leve
l of inactivation. A series of specific steps were then followed to simulat
e treatment at the Mannheim WTP as closely as possible at bench-scale. Thre
e different levels of microbial inactivation were selected to simulate 0.5-
log Giardia inactivation, and both 1.0-log and 3.0-log Cryptosporidium inac
tivation. Kinetic relationships were developed which described CNC1 formati
on as a function of log Cryptosporidium inactivation, monochloramine concen
tration, and time. It was concluded that CNC1 formation followed an exponen
tial function of time that depended on both monochloramine concentration an
d microbial inactivation level.