When crime pays: Capital, competence, and criminal success

Several theoretical traditions offer insights into individual success in co nventional activities. We extend this work suggesting that explanations of success also apply to crime: although prosperity in licit or illicit activi ties has several unique antecedents, success in either endeavor is influenc ed by common factors. Most research on conventional success focuses on the effects of human and social capital, and criminal forms of these are import ant for illegal success. We argue that various aspects of conventional pers onal capital - a heightened desire for wealth, a propensity for risk-taking , a willingness to cooperate and competence - also play important roles in both legal and illegal prosperity. We demonstrate the importance of various types of capital, particularly the salience of personal capital, with data on drug-selling income.