Postischemic estrogen reduces hypoperfusion and secondary ischemia after experimental stroke

Background and Purpose-Estrogen is a known neuroprotective and vasoprotecti ve agent in experimental cerebral ischemia. Preischemic steroid treatment p rotects animals of both sexes from focal cerebral ischemia. This study dete rmined whether intravenous estrogen acts as a vasodilator when administered on reperfusion and whether the resulting increase in cerebral blood flow ( CBF) provides tissue protection from middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods-Adult male Wistar rats were treated with reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (2 hours), then infused with intravenous estrogen (Premar in; 1 mg/kg) or vehicle during the first minutes of reperfusion (n=15 per g roup). Cortical laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to assess adequacy of occl usion, Ischemic lesion volume was determined at 22 hours after occlusion by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and image analysis. Cortical and striatal CBF was measured by (14)[C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography at 1 0 (n=10) or 90 (n=11) minutes of reperfusion. Results-As expected, supraphysiological plasma estrogen levels were achieve d during reperfusion (estrogen, 198+/-45 pg/mL; vehicle, 6+/-5; P=0.001). P hysiological variables were controlled and not different between groups. To tal hemispheric infarction was reduced in estrogen-treated rats (estrogen, 49+/-4% of ipsilateral structure; vehicle, 33+/-5%; P=0.02), which was most pronounced in striatum (estrogen, 40+/-6% of ipsilateral striatum; vehicle , 60+/-3%; P=0.01). CBF recovery was strikingly increased by estrogen infus ion at 10 minutes in frontal (estrogen, 102+/-12 mL/100 g per minute; vehic le, 45+/-15; P=0.01) and parietal cortex (estrogen, 74+/-15 mL/100 g per mi nute; vehicle, 22+/-13; P=0.028) and throughout striatum (estrogen, 87+/-13 mL/100 g per minute; vehicle, 25+/-20; P=0.02). Hemispheric volume with lo w CBF recovery leg, <20 mL/100 g per minute) was smaller in estrogen-treate d animals (estrogen, 73+/-18 mm(3); vehicle, 257+/-46; P=0.002). However, d ifferences in CBF recovery could not be appreciated between groups by 90 mi nutes of reperfusion. Conclusions-Acute estrogen therapy during reperfusion improves tissue outco me from experimental stroke. The steroid rapidly promotes CBF recovery and reduces hemispheric no-reflow zones. This beneficial effect appears only du ring early reperfusion and likely complements other known mechanisms by whi ch estrogen salvages brain from focal necrosis.