Salmonella: Immune responses and vaccines

Salmonella infections are a serious medical and veterinary problem worldwid e and cause concern in the food industry. Vaccination is an effective tool for the prevention of Salmonella infections. Host resistance to Salmonella relies initially on the production of inflammatory cytokines leading to the infiltration of activated inflammatory cells in the tissues. Thereafter, T - and B-cell dependent specific immunity develops allowing the clearance of Salmonella microorganisms from the tissues and the establishment of long-l asting acquired immunity to re-infection. The increased resistance that dev elops after primary infection/ vaccination requires T-cells, cytokines such as IFN gamma, TNF alpha and IL12 in addition to opsonising antibody. Howev er, for reasons that are not fully understood, seroconversion and/or the pr esence of detectable T-cell memory do not always correlate with the develop ment of acquired resistance to infection. Whole-cell killed vaccines and subunit vaccines are used in the prevention of Salmonella infection in animals and in humans with variable results. A n umber of early live Salmonella vaccines derived empirically by chemical or u.v. mutagenesis proved to be immunogenic and protective and are still in u se despite the need for repeated parenteral administration. Recent progress in the knowledge of the genetics of Salmonella virulence and modern recomb inant DNA technology offers the possibility to introduce multiple, defined, attenuating and irreversible mutations into the bacterial genome. This has recently allowed the develop ment of Salmonella strains devoid of signific ant side effects, but still capable of inducing solid immunity after single oral administration. Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been used for the expression of he terologous antigens/proteins that can be successfully delivered to the immu ne system. Furthermore, Salmonella can transfer plasmids encoding foreign a ntigens under the control of eukaryotic promoters (DNA vaccines) to antigen -presenting cells resulting in targeted delivery of DNA vaccines to these c ells. Despite the great recent advances in the development of Salmonella va ccines, a large proportion of the work has been conducted in laboratory rod ents and more research in other animal species is required. (C) 2001 Harcou rt Publishers Ltd.