Ja. Smith et al., REMOTE-SENSING OF LAND-SURFACE TEMPERATURE - THE DIRECTIONAL VIEWING EFFECT, IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 35(4), 1997, pp. 972-974
Land surface temperature and emissivity products are currently being d
erived from satellite and aircraft remote sensing data using a variety
of techniques to correct for atmospheric effects. Implicit in the com
monly employed approaches is the assumption of isotropy in directional
thermal infrared exitance. Our theoretical analyzes indicate angular
variations in apparent infrared temperature will typically yield land
surface temperature errors ranging from 1 to 4 degrees C unless correc
tive measures are applied.