Magnetization vector directions in a steel cube

Tensor magnetic hysteresis loops are measured for a pipeline steel cube. Th e amplitude and direction of total magnetization are calculated as the magn etic field is applied in each of the three cube directions. The results sho w that the total magnetization remains in the same direction over a large m agnetization range while the applied field increases and approaches the mag netic field direction when the field becomes very strong, This proves that the magnetizing process has two stages. One is domain wall motion, for whic h the magnetization direction remains constant, another is magnetization ro tation when the magnetization rotates toward the direction of the applied f ield.