Surface studies of phase formation in Co-Ge system: Reactive deposition epitaxy versus solid-phase epitaxy

Morphological evolution of cobalt germanide epilayers, CoxGey, was investig ated in situ by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy and reflecti on high-energy electron diffraction, as a function of deposition method and , hence, the phase content of the epilayer. During reactive deposition epit axy, in which Co atoms were evaporated onto a flat pseudomorphic Ge/Si(001) wetting layer at 773 K, the first phase formed was cobalt digermanide, CoG e2, in the form of elongated pyramidal islands. Each of these three-dimensi onal islands has locally exerted an additional strain on the Ge wetting lay er already strained at the Ge/Si(001) interface, lifting the layer metastab ility and causing, in turn, the formation of three-dimensional Ge pyramids underneath every CoGe2 island. Solid-phase epitaxy of Co onto the same Ge/S i(001) epilayer resulted in the formation of more Go-rich germanide islands . Coupling of strain from these germanides to the epitaxial Ge/Si(001) stra in has also facilitated a two-dimensional-to-three-dimensional transition o f the Ge layer, however, with the germanide islands located at the Ge pyram id troughs, rather than crests. The difference in the relative location of germanide and germanium islands in these two cases is explained by accommod ation of the large lattice-constant germanides at the more relaxed regions of the Ge pyramid crests and the smaller lattice-constant at the compressed Ge pyramid troughs.