Normalized damage from major tornadoes in the United States: 1890-1999

Historical records of damage from major tornadoes in the United States are taken and adjusted for inflation and wealth. Such adjustments provide a mor e reliable method to compare losses over time in the context of significant societal change. From 1890 to 1999, the costliest tornado on the record, a djusted for inflation, is the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado, with an adj usted $963 million in damage (constant 1997 dollars). Including an adjustme nt for growth in wealth, on the other hand, clearly shows the 27 May 1896 S aint Louis-East Saint Louis tornado to be the costliest on record. An extre mely conservative adjustment for the 1896 tornado gives a value of $2.2 bil lion. A more realistic adjustment yields a figure of $2.9 billion. A compar ison of the ratio of deaths to wealth-adjusted damage shows a clear break i n 1953, at the beginning of the watch/warning/awareness program of the Nati onal Weather Service.