3-DIMENSIONAL QUANTIZED TIME IN COSMOLOGY

Starting from a model of 3-d time in units of the Planck energy, it is possible to model fundamental particles and forces. Masses are associ ated with 3-d volumes of time; forces are related to 4-d space-time st ructures from which the fine structure constant can be derived. Fundam ental particles may then be assembled into larger objects, up to galax ies, within which special relativity is satisfied. The component parts of an object retain a common quantized temporal structure which appea rs to link the spatially distributed parts together. The flow of time is associated with a flow of the common temporal structure within a ge neral 3-d temporal space. Each galaxy evolves along a 1-d timeline suc h that within a given galaxy standard 4-d space-time physics is satisf ied. The model deviates from ordinary physics by associating different galaxies with independent time-lines within a general 3-d temporal sp ace. These timelines diverge from a common origin and can have differe nt flow rates for different classes of objects. The common origin is c onsistent with standard cosmology. The radius of temporal space replac es the standard radius of curvature in describing redshifts seen when photons transfer between objects on different timelines. Redshift quan tization, discordant redshifts, and other observed cosmological phenom ena are natural consequences of this type of model.