The Sambungmacan 3 Homo erectus calvaria: A comparative morphometric and morphological analysis

The Sambungmacan (Sm) 3 calvaria, discovered on Java in 1977, was illegally removed from Indonesia in 1998 and appeared in New York City in early 1999 at the Maxilla & Mandible, Ltd. natural history shop. Here we undertake an analysis of its phylogenetic and systematic position using geometric morph ometrics and comparative morphology. The coordinates of points in the sagit tal plane from glabella to opisthion were resampled to yield "lines" of 50 semi-landmarks. Coordinates of glabella, bregma, lambda, inion, and opisthi on were also collected and analyzed separately. Casts of Homo erectus fossi ls from Indonesia, China, and Kenya and of "archaic H. sapiens" from Kabwe and Petralona, as well as 10 modern human crania, were used as the primary comparative sample. The modern humans were well separated from the fossils in a graphical superimposition of Procrustes-aligned semi landmarks as well as in principal component and canonical discriminant analyses. In all of t hese, Sm 3 falls intermediate between the fossil and modern groups. Morphol ogical comparisons of Sm 3 with a selection of Homo erectus fossils reveale d its greatest similarity to specimens from Ngandong and the Sm 1 calvaria. Compared to all other H. erectus, Sm 3 was distinctive in its more vertica l supratoral plane, less anteriorly projecting glabella and less sharply an gled occiput. In these features it was somewhat similar to modern humans. I t is not yet possible to determine if this similarity implies an evolutiona ry relationship or (more likely) individual or local populational variation . Several features of Sm 3 (small size, gracile supraorbital torus and lack of angular torus, and position in principal component analysis) suggest th at it was a female. The use of geometric morphometrics provides a means to statistically test the shapes of such fossils in a manner not easily duplic ated by other methods. The intermediate position of Sm 3 between fossil and modern samples in several different subanalyses exemplifies the value of t his approach. Anat Rec 262:380-397, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.