Warm deep-water ocean conveyor during Cretaceous time

Because the deep water is associated with its high-latitude sources, a warm deep ocean during Mesozoic-Cenozoic time is a challenge; there is no feasi ble physical mechanism that could maintain warm subpolar surface oceans in both hemispheres. The goal of this study is to explore a hypothesis that a warm deep ocean can coexist with relatively cool subpolar (high latitude) s ea surface in one hemisphere and a warmer subpolar sea surface in the other . A series of numerical ocean circulation experiments confirms that the oce an meridional circulation can keep the abyssal ocean warm despite the north ern subpolar surface water staying relatively cool.