Fj. Martin-romero et al., Potassium-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells involves cell-cycle blockade at the G1/S transition, J MOL NEURO, 15(3), 2000, pp. 155-165
The role of regulators controlling the G1/S transition of the cell cycle wa
s analyzed during neuronal apoptosis in post-mitotic cerebellar granule cel
ls in an attempt to identify common mechanisms of control with transformed
cells. Cyclin D1 and its associated kinase activity CDK4 (cyclin-dependent
kinase 4) are major regulators of the G1/S transition. Whereas cyclin D1 is
the regulatory subunit of the complex, CDK4 represents the catalytic domai
n that, once activated, will phosphorylate downstream targets such as the r
etinoblastoma protein, allowing cell-cycle progression. Apoptosis was induc
ed in rat cerebellar granule cells by depleting potassium in presence of se
rum. Western-blot analyses were performed and protein kinase activities wer
e measured. As apoptosis proceeded, loss in cell viability was coincident w
ith a significant increase in cyclin D1 protein levels, whereas CDK4 expres
sion remained essentially constant. Synchronized to cyclin D1 accumulation,
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) drastically dropped to 20% nor
mal values. Cyclin D1/CDK4-dependent kinase activity increased early during
apoptosis, reaching a maximum at 9-12 h and decreasing to very low levels
by 48 h. Cyclin E, a major downstream target of cyclin D1, decreased concom
itantly to the reduction in cyclin D1/CDK4-dependent kinase activity. We su
ggest that neuronal apoptosis takes place through functional alteration of
proteins involved in the control of the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
Thus, apoptosis in post-mitotic neurons could result from a failed attempt
to re-enter cell cycle in response to extracellular conditions affecting ce
ll viability and it could involve mechanisms similar to those that promote
proliferation in transformed cells.