Social dimensions of adolescent substance use

Objectives. The aim of this study was to explore in detail the relationship between various social aspects of young people's lives and substance use a nd differences in the degree of influence exerted by the different social f actors as a function of age. Design, setting, participants. The study was a survey of pupils aged 11-16 in a stratified sample of five English schools . Data from 4516 participants were obtained in relation to their cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use and their contact with the police, perceived academic achievements and future expectations, religious beliefs, family st ructure, the importance of family versus peer opinions and suspension from school. Measures. Cumulative, age-specific preferences of substance misuse were compared. Logistic regression was used to rank the various risk factor s. Results. Substantial differences were found between substance users and non-users and the various risk factors being examined. For example, of thos e who had only been in trouble with the police, 18.8% used illegal drugs co mpared with 1.6% of those who had not had a police contact and who had no o ther risk factors. Many of these relationships were age-sensitive. For inst ance, the negative relationship between belief in God and illicit drug use became stronger as age increased (non-believers: y = 8.1886x -9.16 R-2 = 0. 9484; believers: y = 5.1514x -8.08 R-2 = 0.9247). These results suggest tha t, within this sample of English adolescents, there was a strong relationsh ip between substance use and the social factors examined. Although there we re differences depending upon whether cigarette, alcohol or illicit drug us e was being modelled, logistic regression indicated that the social factors could be ranked in the following order of importance: concurrent use of th e second and third substances, having been in trouble with the police, perc eived poor academic performance and low future academic expectations, a lac k of religious belief, coming from a non-intact family, favouring peer over family opinion and having been suspended from school. Many of these relati onships were age-sensitive with substance use peaking at age 15. Conclusion . The models and relationships presented in this paper show that a constell ation of behaviours are related to adolescent substance use. Also demonstra ted is that behaviours cannot be considered in isolation, but need to be ex amined from an holistic or biopsychosocial standpoint. These relationships are complex and future research should consider not only causality of adole scent substance use, but also of the aetiology of the satellite behaviours.