Intermolecular hydrogen-bonding in thick films of isonicotinic acid evapora
ted onto rutile TiO2(110) has been investigated with X-ray photoelectron sp
ectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The rate of depos
ition is found to be a key factor in overcoming the kinetic barriers to ext
ensive hydrogen-bond formation, which, when present, gives rise to large en
ergy shifts between bulk and surface in both the N1s XPS and XAS. The origi
n of the surface core-level shift is attributed to the presence of non-hydr
ogen-bonded nitrogen atoms in the surface layer.