Structure and bonding of gold metal clusters, colloids, and nanowires studied by EXAFS, XANES, and WAXS

The structure and bonding of a series of gold clusters and gold nanomateria ls stabilized by ligands or confined within nanoporous alumina have been in vestigated using EXAFS, XANES, and WAXS. Two gold clusters stabilized by tw o different ligands, Au-55(PPh3)(12)Cl-6 and AU(55)(T-8-OSS - SH)(12)Cl-6 w ere confirmed to be of face-centered cubic structure type with metal-metal distances of 2.785 and 2.794 Angstrom, respectively, shorter than in bulk g old. Colloidal gold of 180 Angstrom diameter stabilized by sulfonated phosp hine ligands had structural and electronic properties very similar to those of bulk gold but smaller Debye-Waller factors. The cluster Au-55(PPh3)(12) Cl-6 adsorbed into nanoporous alumina membrane was found to retain its inte grity inside the membrane but with slightly longer Au-Au bonds due to some aggregation. The same cluster thermally transformed into colloidal gold wit hin the alumina membrane was found to be almost identical structurally and electronically to the bulk. Gold nanowires electrochemically grown within t he nanoporous alumina were found to be composed on average of 120 Angstrom diameter crystallites. These have the same structure as the bulk, but with smaller Debye-Waller factors, indicating either a better crystallinity or t hat the gold atoms are more tightly held than in the bulk. The difference o f area method L-3 - kL(2) was used to quantify the d orbital occupancy. The two ligand-stabilized Au-55 clusters both had a smaller value (2.7) than t he bulk material (4.1). The nanomaterials inside the membrane also showed s maller L-3 - kL(2) values. The geometrical and electronic structures of the se gold materials how a very clear pattern of buildup as the number of gold atoms increases from Au-55 clusters through Au colloids and nanowires to t he bulk metal.