Orchiopexy combined with vasectomy and testicular prosthesis as alternatives to castration of the male dog with retained testis: review and three case reports

The conservative treatment of the permanent retained testicles is not alway s successful. Surgical options like repositioning and fixation of the displ aced or retained testes in one or two stages into the scrotum or the implan tation of a prosthesis of silicone are discussed. Technique of surgery, pro blems of the timing of the surgery and problems of breeding as well as prop er client information are discussed. A comprehensive review on physiology, pathology, diagnosis and therapy is given.