The design and implementation of sustainable plant diversity conservation program for alpine meadows and pastures

The paper describes the design and implementation of a plant biodiversity c onservation program that was developed under funding and time constraints f or diverse ecological, social, and institutional environments. The biodiver sity program for alpine meadows and pastures located in the Swiss Canton of the Grisons is used as an example. The design of the sustainable program r elied on existing legislation, accounted for limited ecological knowledge a nd expertise, and considered biodiversity as a common-pool resource. The tr end to intensified cultivation of restricted areas required fast action, wh ile the sustainability of the program design had to take into account insti tutional diversity. Fifteen habitats and plant communities worth conserving were known, and 57 plant species were identified as indicator species for establishing an inventory and for monitoring purposes. A small subset of 16 well known plant species was presented to the farming communities. They we re invited to notify the areas in which they observed the presence of these plants. In different regions of the Canton a total number of 39 paraecolog ists were trained to inspect the areas notified by farmers and to recommend possible incorporation into the Cantonal inventory. This was done once the farmers signed a contract in which they agreed to follow adequate manageme nt practices. The farmers received subsidies to compensate for their losses . Communal authorities controlled the fertilizer input and cutting dates, w hile the paraecologists were trained to monitor plant biodiversity. The pro gram started in 1992 and the initial phase of the inventory was terminated in 1996. At the beginning of 1996, an inventory of 2617.19 ha, most of whic h are meadows, was taken and managed according to the rules specified in th e contract. The program was considered successful because (i) of the size o f the area in the inventory, (ii) about 30% of the farmers participated, an d (iii) farmers started cultivating previously abandoned farmland.