The interaction between the magnetosphere of Saturn and Titan's ionosphere

A three-dimensional (3-D) multi-species magnetohydrodynamic model was used to study the interaction of Titan's ionosphere and Saturn's magnetosphere. The three generic species which were considered are light (e.g., H+, H-2(+) , and H-3(+)), medium (e.g., N+ and CH5+), amd heavy (e.g., N-2(+) and HCNH +) ion species. The effects of exospheric mass loading, major chemical reac tions, and ion-neutral collisions were considered. The upstream parameters were selected to be the nominal values for the case when Titan is in the ma gnetosphere of Saturn. The simulation results are compared with Voyager mea surements as well as related model calculations. The 3-D three-species mode l results reproduce reasonably well the global features such as magnetic ba rrier, magnetotail, and the distributions of the major ionospheric species. The outward escape flux of the major ionospheric species (i.e., the heavy ion species) from the tail is calculated to be approximately 6.5 x 10(24) s (-1).