Amyloidosis and amyloidogenic proteins

In this extensive review, 15 amyloidogenic proteins related to a group of f ocal, localized or systemic amyloidosis in human and animals were character ized. They include: islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), which when overproduc ed in pancreatic B cells, leads to amyloidosis of pancreatic islets in 90% of patients with type II diabetes (non-insulin dependent); calcitonin with abilities of forming amyloid fibrils in individuals with medullary thyroid carcinoma; insulin, which through proinsulin hypersecretion in diabetes cau ses insulin amyloidosis in pancreatic B cells, and, by an unknown mechanism is able to form amyloid in its zone injection; transthyretin, whose part o f mutant forms leads to liver amyloidosis, cardiomyopathy and polyneuropath y; gelsolin, whose certain isoforms cause systemic amyloidosis with symptom s of cranial neuropathy, lattice corneal dystrophy, dermal lesions and haem ostasis disturbances; cystatin C whose genetic variants lead to a syndrome of hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis; fibrynogen - a protein whose mutant form leads to kidney amyloidosis; atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP), which in medium form, is responsible for cardiomyocytes amyloidosis i n chronically hemodialysis patients; immunoglobulin light chains - a protei n, which in many genetic variants or three-dimensional converted forms migh t lead to systemic amyloidosis and to amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma; serum amyloid A protein (SAA), which demonstrates amyloidogenic ab ilities, acquired under the influence of molec;le protein limited proteolys is and leading to secondary systemic amyloidosis; serum amyloid P component (SAP) leading to amyloidosis associated with hemodialysis; lysozyme, whose mutant form causes visceral systemic amyloidosis; beta 2 microglobulin, wh ich leads to visceral and focal amyloidosis in hemodialysis patients; apoli poprotein A-1, whose genetic variants are responsible for pathogenesis of t he liver or kidney amyloidosis, while wild-type apoA-1 may cause senile pul monary vascular amyloidosis in men and dogs.