Cross-cultural validation of Holland's theory in Singapore: Beyond structural validity of RIASEC

Cross-cultural, validation of Holland's theory typically focuses on the str uctural validity of the RIASEC model. This study not only examined structur al validity, but the conceptual equivalence of RIASEC and the criterion-rel ated validity of Holland's theory, based on college students from the major ethnic group in United States (White Americans) and Singapore (Chinese). V alues were used to examine the convergent-discriminant validity and equival ence of meaning of RIASEC. Results indicate similar structural and criterio n-related validity across the samples, although the figures were generally lower than those found in previous studies. Values were weakly related to t he interest types. Some evidence of weak convergent validity was found for the I, S, and E types. Tests an these three types indicated that there was equivalence of meaning for the S and E types and the possibility of some cu lture-specific meaning attached to the I type. Implications for future rese arch are discussed.