Phasic mechanoreceptor stimuli can induce phasic activation of upper airway muscles in humans

1. Upper airway dilator muscles are phasically activated throughout breathi ng by respiratory pattern generator neurons. Studies have shown that non-ph ysiological upper airway mechanoreceptive stimuli (e.g. rapidly imposed pul ses of negative pressure) also activate these muscles. Such reflexes may be come activated during conditions that alter airway resistance in order to s tabilise airway patency. 2. To determine the contribution of ongoing mechanoreceptive reflexes to ph asic activity of airway dilators, we assessed genioglossal electromyogram ( GG EMG: rectified with moving time average of 100 ms) during slow (physiolo gical) oscillations in negative pressure generated spontaneously and passiv ely (negative pressure ventilator). 3. Nineteen healthy adults were studied while awake, during passive mechani cal ventilation across normal physiological ranges of breathing rates (13-1 9 breaths min(-1)) and volumes (0.5-1.0 l) and during spontaneous breathing across the physiological range of end-tidal carbon dioxide (P-ET,P-CO2; 32 -46 mmHg). 4. Within-breath phasic changes in airway mechanoreceptor stimuli (negative pressure or flow) were highly correlated with within-breath phasic geniogl ossal activation, probably representing a robust mechanoreceptive reflex. T hese reflex relationships were largely unchanged by alterations in central drive to respiratory pump muscles or the rate of mechanical ventilation wit hin the ranges studied. A multivariate model revealed that tonic GG EMG, P- ET,P-CO2 and breath duration provided no significant independent informatio n in the prediction of inspiratory peak GG EMG beyond that provided by epig lottic pressure, which alone explained 93% of the variation in peak GG EMG across all conditions. The overall relationship was: Peak GG EMG = 79.7 - ( 11.3 x Peak epiglottic pressure), where GG EMG is measured as percentage of baseline, and epiglottic pressure is in cmH(2)O. 5. These data provide strong evidence that upper airway dilator muscles can be activated throughout inspiration via ongoing mechanoreceptor reflexes. Such a feedback mechanism is likely to be active on a within-breath basis t o protect upper airway patency in awake humans. This mechanism could mediat e the increased genioglossal activity observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (i.e. reflex compensation for an anatomically smaller airway) .