D. Operario et St. Fiske, Ethnic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant bias, PERS SOC PS, 27(5), 2001, pp. 550-561
Two studies investigate the association between ethnic identity and percept
ions of prejudice. Study 1 examined the relationship between ethnic identit
y and the personal-group discrimination discrepancy (PGD) among ethnic mino
rity and White respondents. High-identified minorities reported increased p
ersonal vulnerability to discrimination and less PGD, whereas less-identifi
ed minorities conformed more to the PGD phenomenon. Whites also reported mo
re personal than group discrimination but ethnic identity did not moderate
this effect. Study 2 examined minorities' perceptions of prejudice in an in
teraction with a White confederate, who displayed either obvious or subtle
prejudice. High-identified minorities showed stronger reactions to subtle p
rejudice than did low-identified minorities, who tended to overlook subtle
prejudice. The authors relate findings to principles from stigma research,
social identity, and self-categorization theory and suggest that ethnic ide
ntity can explain why some minorities perceive prejudice when others do not
.