DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is initiated when the MutS protein recognizes dam
aged DNA. Crystal structures of MutS bound to mispaired and unpaired DNA sh
ow how MutS distinguishes damaged from undamaged DNA and explain how a broa
d variety of DNA mismatch lesions can be detected. The structures suggest m
echanisms for the ATP-induced structural regulation of multistep DNA repair
processes.