Dimeric structure of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor D1 domain at 1.7 angstrom resolution

Background: The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) comprises two extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane helix and a C-termina l intracellular domain. The amino-terminal immunoglobulin domain (D1) of CA R is necessary and sufficient for adenovirus binding, whereas the site of c oxackievirus attachment has not yet been localized. The normal cellular rol e of CAR is currently unknown, although CAR was recently proposed to functi on as a hemophilic cell adhesion molecule. Results: The human CAR D1 domain was bacterially expressed and crystallized . The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the structure of CAR D1 bound to the adenovirus type 12 fiber head and refined to 1.7 Angstr om resolution, including individual anisotropic temperature factors. The tw o CAR D1 structures are virtually identical, apart from the BC, C"D, and FG loops that are involved both in fiber head binding and homodimerization in the crystal. Analytical equilibrium ultracentrifugation shows that a dimer also exists in solution, with a dissociation constant of 16 muM. Conclusions: The CAR D1 domain forms homodimers in the crystal using the sa me GFCC'C" surface that interacts with the adenovirus fiber head. The homod imer is very similar to the CD2 D1-CD58 D1 heterodimer. CAR D1 also forms d imers in solution with a dissociation constant typical of other cell adhesi on complexes. These results are consistent with reports that CAR may functi on physiologically as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule in the developing mouse brain. Adenovirus may thus have recruited an existing and conserved interaction surface of CAR to use for its own cell attachment.